MOOD DISORDERS (Depression , Manic episodes, Bipolar)

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In these disorders, the fundamental disturbance is a change in mood or affect, usually to depression ( with or without associated anxiety ) or to elation.

This mood change is normally accompanied by a change in the overall level of activity.

Most of these disorders tend to be recurrent, and the onset of individual episodes is often related to stressful events or situations.


Classification of Mood Disorder - 

1) Manic episode.

2) Depressive episode.

3) Bipolar.

4) Recurrent depressive disorder.

5) Persistent mood disorder ( Cyclothymia , Dysthymia ).

6) Other mood disorder.


Depression

1) Depressed mood - sadness of mood, loss of interest in activity.

Decrease I & ME : interest, mood, energy.

2) Depressed cognition - sadness of mood leads to three types of depressive ideas : 

hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness ( guilt ).

3) Psychomotor activity - 

younger patients ( less than 40 yrs old ) - slow thinking and activity, decrease energy, monotonous voice.

Older patients ( more than 40 yrs old ) - gitation ( anxiety ), restlessness, unease, irritability.

4) Physical and biological functions - 

a) heaviness of head, vague body aches, general aches and pains, reduced energy and easily fatigability.

b) Insomnia ( or sometime increase sleep), loss of appetite & weight ( sometimes increase), loss of sexual drive.

5) Psychotic features - sometimes depressed patients have psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations.

6) Suicide - suicidal ideas, increase risk of suicide.

6) Types - mild, moderate, severe : depending upon no. of symptoms and also severity of symptoms and degree of impairment.


Treatment plans for Depression :

Antidepressants ( mood stabilizers ), antipsychotic drugs, cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ), interpersonal therapy, psychoanalytic psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, group therapy, marital therapy, family therapy etc.


Manic episodes

1) Elevated mood - four stages : Euphoria, Elation, Exaltation, Ecstasy.

2) Psychomotor activity - increase activity, over activeness, restlessness, excitement.

3) Speech and thought - talkative, speaks loudly, loud laugh, distractibility results in change in speech, delusion, hallucinations.

4) Goal directed activity - do many things at one time.

5) Physical biological functions - sleeplessness, increase appetite.

Psychotic feature - delusion, hallucination.

6) Types - hypomania, mania, severe mania, stuporous mania.


Bipolar




Recurrent episodes of mania and depression in the same patient at different times.

These episodes can occur in any sequence.

Types - bipolar 1 : severe depression and mania.

Bipolar 2 : hypomania and severe depression.


Treatment plans for Bipolar :

Antidepressants ( mood stabilizers ), antipsychotic drugs, cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ), interpersonal therapy, psychoanalytic psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, group therapy, marital therapy, family therapy etc.


Comments

  1. MaddyFebruary 14, 2021 at 4:08 AM

    Very informative and useful article on Mood Disorder. In today's fast world of competition, stress, anxiety and depression has indeed become very common to everyone!

    ReplyDelete
  2. R RFebruary 22, 2021 at 11:42 PM

    Interesting topic

    ReplyDelete

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